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  • 1755
  • Abies bornmuelleriana
  • About us
  • abutilon
  • Acanthus
  • Acanthus spinosus
  • acer
  • Acer palmatum
  • Acer palmatum 'Hefner's Red'
  • acidic soils
  • Acis
  • Aconitum
  • acorus
  • Actaea pachypoda
  • adiantum
  • adonis
  • adult English ivy
  • adult ivy
  • Aesculus
  • Aesculus pavia
  • Aesculus sylvatica
  • African native
  • after_paragraph
  • agapanthus
  • agastache
  • agave
  • Agave albopilosa
  • Agave bracteosa
  • agave breeding
  • agave century plant
  • Agave desmettiana 'Galactic Traveler'
  • Agave festival
  • agave flower
  • agave hybrid
  • agave hybrids
  • agave lophantha
  • Agave ocahui
  • Agave ovatifolia
  • Agave ovatifolia 'Jabba'
  • Agave parryi
  • agave plant
  • agave plant for sale
  • agave plants
  • agave plants for sale
  • agave propagation
  • Agave titanota
  • agave trials
  • Agave victoriae-reginae
  • agaves
  • agaves in snow
  • Ageratina
  • airport
  • ajuga
  • Alan Galloway
  • Albania
  • Albizzia
  • alcoholic spirits
  • alkaline soils
  • allium
  • Allium 'Ambassador'
  • Allium kiiense
  • aloe
  • Aloe cooperi
  • Alophia drummondii
  • alpines
  • alstroemeria
  • Amarine
  • amaryllids
  • amaryllis
  • American Native Plants
  • Ammocharis
  • Ammocharis longifolia
  • amorpha
  • Amorphophalls henryi
  • Amorphophallus
  • amorphophallus bulbifer
  • Amorphophallus dunnii
  • amorphophallus kiusianus
  • Amorphophallus konjac
  • amorphophallus titanum
  • amorphophallus titanum for sale
  • amphibians
  • Amporphophallus
  • amsonia
  • andropogon
  • anemone
  • Anemopsis californica
  • angel trumpet
  • Angelica
  • Angola
  • anise
  • anne bishop
  • annual
  • Anole
  • ant bait
  • Antirrhinum
  • Apiaceae
  • apiculture
  • aquatic plants
  • Arachniodes
  • aralia
  • Araucaria
  • Arbor Day
  • arboretum
  • arborvitae
  • architects
  • architectural
  • Argentina native
  • arilbred iris
  • ariods
  • Arisaema
  • Arisaema prazeri 'Chiang Mai'
  • arisarum
  • Aristolochia
  • Arizona cypress
  • aroid
  • Aroids
  • art
  • art in the garden
  • artemisia
  • Articles
  • Articles
  • artistic
  • arum
  • Arum dioscoridis
  • Arum italicum
  • arum pictum
  • aruncus
  • Aruncus 'Misty Lace'
  • Arundinella hirta 'Cheju-Do'
  • Arundo donax
  • Arundo donax 'Peppermint Stick'
  • Asarum
  • Asarum arifolium
  • Asarum maximum
  • Asarum nobilissimum
  • Asarum speciosum
  • asarum splendens
  • Asarum virginicum
  • asclepias
  • Ascot Rainbow
  • asexual propagation
  • Asheville
  • Ashwood Nurseries
  • Asian natives
  • Asian perennials
  • Asian woodland perennial
  • Asiatic lilies
  • asparagus
  • asparagus fern
  • Asparagus horridus
  • aspen
  • Asphodeline
  • asphodelus
  • aspidistra
  • aspidistra flower
  • Asplenium
  • aster
  • Astilbe
  • astra
  • astra-child
  • Athyrium
  • Atlanta Botanical Garden
  • atrium
  • attract hummingbirds
  • auction
  • aucuba
  • Australia native
  • autumn fern
  • azalea
  • Aztec lily
  • Babiana rubrocyanea
  • bald cypress
  • Balkans
  • Baltic Sea
  • bamboo fern
  • bamboo plants
  • bambusa
  • banana
  • bananas
  • Baptisia
  • Baptisia australis
  • Bar Harbor juniper
  • barrel cactus
  • barrenwort
  • Barry Yinger
  • basal foliage
  • Bauhinia forficata
  • bear grass
  • bear's breech
  • beard tongue
  • bearded iris
  • beauty berry
  • beauty of nature
  • bee balm
  • bee hives
  • bees
  • beetles
  • begonia
  • bell flower
  • belladonna lily
  • Bellflower
  • beneficial insects
  • beneficial snakes
  • Berlandiera
  • berm gardening
  • Berries
  • beschorneria
  • best perennials
  • best perennials for full sun
  • Betula nigra
  • bicolor flowers
  • biennial
  • Big Kahuna
  • bigeneric hybrid
  • biodiversity
  • bird nests
  • Birds
  • bitter
  • Black Cat appreciation day
  • black eyed Susan
  • black foliage
  • black fungus
  • black leaf plant
  • Black Sea
  • blanket flower
  • blazing star
  • bleeding heart
  • Blephilia
  • bletilla
  • blog
  • blue flowers
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  • blue hosta
  • blue hostas
  • Blue Mammoth
  • blue Mediterranean fan palm
  • blue oak sage
  • blue perennials
  • blue phlox
  • blue spruce
  • blue star
  • blue-winged wasps
  • bluebells
  • blueberry muffin
  • bluestar
  • bluestem grass
  • bobcat
  • Boehmeria 'Glow Light'
  • Boesenbergia
  • bog garden
  • bog mint
  • bog plants
  • bogs
  • Bold Awakening
  • bold textures
  • Bonnie and Clyde
  • Booker T. Washington
  • Boophone disticha
  • borinda
  • Borinda boliana
  • Bosnia
  • botanic garden
  • botanical expeditions
  • botanical gardens
  • botanical interest only
  • botanical nomenclature
  • botanists
  • botanizing
  • bottlebrush
  • box turtle
  • boxwoods
  • Brahea
  • branch sport
  • Brazilian native
  • bread
  • breast cancer research
  • Breeding
  • breeding program
  • breeding season
  • Brexit
  • bridal wreath
  • broad leaf evergreens
  • bromeliads
  • brugmansia for sale
  • brugmansia plants
  • Buchholz Nursery
  • buckeye
  • buckwheat
  • buddleia
  • Buddleia davidii
  • Buddy Lee
  • bug eating plant
  • bugleweed
  • bulbils
  • bulbs
  • bumble bee
  • bush cherry
  • bush clematis
  • butterflies
  • butterfly
  • butterfly attracting flowers
  • butterfly attracting plants
  • butterfly bush
  • butterfly flower
  • butterfly flowers
  • butterfly garden
  • butterfly garden flowers
  • butterfly garden plants
  • butterfly gardens
  • butterfly host plants
  • butterfly plants
  • butterfly weed
  • Buxus
  • buy hosta
  • buy plants
  • buy succulents
  • buy succulents online
  • cabbage
  • cactus
  • cactus flower
  • cactus fruit
  • Caesalpinia gilliesii
  • calanthe
  • calcareous soil
  • calciphyte
  • California native
  • Call to Action
  • calla lilies
  • calla lilies bulbs
  • calla lillies
  • calla lilly
  • calla lillys
  • calla lily
  • calla lily bulbs
  • Callicarpa
  • Callirhoe
  • callistemon
  • Calycanthus
  • calyces
  • camassia
  • camellias
  • Campanula
  • Campanula porscharkyana 'Camgood'
  • campsis
  • Campsis grandiflora 'Morning Calm'
  • Canna
  • canna lilies
  • cardamine
  • cardinal flower
  • Cardiocrinum
  • Carex
  • carex bromoides
  • carex evergold
  • carex grass
  • carex oshimensis evergold
  • carnivorous
  • carnivorous pitcher plants
  • Carnivorous plants
  • carnivorous plants for sale
  • Carolina anoles
  • carpenter bees
  • carrot family
  • Caryopteris
  • cast iron plant
  • cast iron plant flower
  • Catalog
  • caterpillars
  • cats
  • caylx
  • cell phone
  • century plant
  • century plants
  • cephalotaxus
  • cercis
  • Cercis chinensis
  • Cestrum parquii 'Orange Peel'
  • Chamaecyparis
  • Chamaecyparis lawsoniana
  • Chamaerops humilis
  • change colors
  • Chanticleer Gardens
  • chartreuse flowers
  • Chartreuse foliage
  • chasmanthium
  • Chasmanthium latifolium 'River Mist'
  • Cheilanthes
  • Cherry Bomb Holly
  • chimera
  • Chinese bamboo
  • Chinese fern
  • Chinese fringe tree
  • chinese herbs
  • Chinese herbs online
  • Chinese native
  • chinese spore
  • Chinese tree lilac
  • Chinese woodland perennial
  • chinse fern
  • Chionanthus
  • Chionanthus retusus
  • Chloranthus
  • Chlorophytum bowkeri
  • chocolate flower
  • Christmas decorations
  • Christmas rose
  • Chromolaena ivifolia
  • chrysalis
  • chrysogonum
  • Cicada
  • cicada killers
  • cicadas
  • cigar plant
  • cinnamon bark
  • cinnamon fern
  • cinnamon trees
  • citrus
  • Classes
  • Classes
  • Clematis
  • Clematis recta 'Lime Close'
  • Clethra
  • Clethra tomentosa 'Woodlander's Sarah'
  • climbing vine
  • clouds
  • clubmoss
  • clumping bamboo
  • clumping habit
  • coastal native
  • cobra lily
  • Colchicum
  • cold hardy agave
  • cold hardy cacti
  • cold hardy cactus
  • cold hardy cyclamen
  • cold hardy mangave
  • cold hardy palms
  • Colocasia
  • Colocasia affinis 'Jenningsii'
  • Colocasia esculenta 'Pharoah's Mask'
  • Colocasia esculenta 'Redemption'
  • Colocasia gigantea
  • colorful foliage
  • columnar
  • comments
  • companion planting
  • compost
  • composting
  • compound leaves
  • cone bearing plants
  • coneflower
  • coneflower plant
  • coneflower plants
  • coneflowers
  • coneflowers for sale
  • Conference
  • conifers
  • coniogramme
  • Connecticut
  • Conradina
  • conservation
  • container
  • container agave
  • container gardening
  • container plant
  • container plants
  • continuing education
  • controlled cross
  • cooling colors
  • coral bean
  • coral bells
  • coral foliage
  • Coreopsis
  • Cornelian Cherry
  • corpse flower
  • corpse lily
  • Cortaderia
  • Cortaderia araucana
  • corydalis
  • Corylopsis
  • Costus
  • Cotton Candy grape
  • Cousins Maine Lobster
  • crambe
  • crape myrtle
  • cream flowers
  • cream variegation
  • creeping phlox
  • Cremastra
  • crested fern
  • Crete
  • Crete expedition
  • crevice
  • crevice garden
  • crevice garden plants
  • crinium
  • Crinum
  • crinum bulbs
  • crinum lilies
  • crinum lily
  • crinums
  • Crithmum maritimum
  • crocus
  • Crown Jewel
  • cryptomeria
  • Cryptomeria japonica 'Champagne'
  • Ctenium aromaticum
  • cucurbita
  • Cucurbita foetidissima
  • Culinary Plants
  • cultivars
  • cultivated variety
  • Cunila origanoides
  • cuphea
  • cupressus
  • curator
  • curcuma
  • curcuma longa
  • cut flowers
  • cycad
  • cycas
  • cyclamen
  • cylindropuntia
  • Cymbidium
  • cynanchum
  • Cyperus
  • cypress
  • Cypripedium
  • Cyprus native
  • Cyrilla
  • cyrtomium
  • daffodil
  • Dahlia
  • dainty
  • Dan Hinkley
  • danae
  • daphne
  • Daphniphyllum
  • dasylirion
  • dawn redwood
  • Day of Giving
  • daylily
  • decay
  • deciduous azalea
  • deciduous conifer
  • deciduous fern
  • deciduous magnolia
  • deciduous perennial
  • deciduous shrub
  • deciduous tree
  • deciduous vine
  • decorative bark
  • decorative seed pod
  • decorative seeds
  • deer deterrents
  • deer fence
  • deer proof perennials
  • deer proof plants
  • deer repellent plants
  • deer resistant perennials
  • deer resistant plants
  • deer resistant shade plants
  • deer tolerant plants
  • delosperma
  • dendrology
  • Dennis Werner
  • dentaria
  • Denver Botanic Gardens
  • desert ferns
  • desert plants
  • designers
  • Deutzia
  • devil's urn fungus
  • Dianthus
  • Dicentra
  • dichromena
  • dieback shrub
  • Digitalis
  • dioecious
  • disable
  • disected foliage
  • display gardens
  • disporopsis
  • disporum
  • dividing perennials
  • DNA research
  • dog vomit fungus
  • Dogwood
  • doll eyes
  • Don Shadow
  • double flowers
  • dove tree
  • downy wood mint
  • Dr. Patrick McMillan
  • Draba
  • Dracunculus
  • Drimiopsis
  • drought
  • drought resistant perennials
  • drought resistant plants
  • drought tolerant perennials
  • drought tolerant plants
  • dry shade
  • dry summer garden
  • dryland gardens
  • Dryopteris
  • Dryopteris x australis
  • Duke Gardens
  • dune switchgrass
  • Dutch
  • Dutchman's pipe
  • dwarf conifers
  • dwarf crape myrtle
  • Dwarf Plants
  • Dysosma
  • East African native
  • East Coast native
  • Eastern black swallowtail butterfly
  • Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly
  • Echeveria
  • Echeveria runyonii 'Topsy Turvy'
  • echinacea
  • echinacea plant
  • echinacea plants
  • echinacea plants for sale
  • echinacea purpurea
  • echinocereus
  • Echiveria
  • ecology
  • edgeworthia
  • edible flowers
  • edible fruit
  • edible mushrooms
  • edibles
  • edimentals
  • Education
  • Educational Topics
  • elderberry
  • elephant ear
  • elephant ear bulb
  • elephant ears
  • elephant ears bulbs
  • Elionurus barbiculmis
  • Elliott's aster
  • Emily Brunner Holly
  • Employment
  • Encore azalea
  • endangered
  • England
  • Englarum hypnosum
  • Englerarum
  • english ivy
  • English laurel
  • entomologist
  • ephemeral
  • Epimedium
  • epiphytes
  • Eragrostis
  • Erigeron
  • eriogonum
  • Eriogonum longifolium
  • Eryngium
  • erythrina
  • Erythronium
  • Eucomis
  • Eucomis 'Sparkling Burgundy'
  • euonymus
  • eupatorium
  • eupatorium dubium
  • Euphorbia
  • Euphorbia 'Cherokee'
  • Euphorbia corollata 'Carolina Snow'
  • European native perennials
  • Eurybia hemispherica 'Baby Blues'
  • Euscaphis japonica
  • Evening Light
  • events
  • evergreen
  • evergreen basal foliage
  • evergreen fern
  • evergreen foliage
  • evergreen groundcover
  • evergreen hedge row
  • evergreen native
  • Evergreen Perennials
  • evergreen shrub
  • evergreen trees
  • evergreen vines
  • evergreens for shade
  • evergreens for sun
  • Everillo
  • everywhere
  • ex-situ conservation
  • exfoliating bark
  • Exochorda
  • experimentation
  • extinct
  • f Buddleia lindleyana
  • Facebook
  • Fadjar Marta
  • fairy garden
  • fairy gardens
  • fairy wands
  • fairy wings
  • fal
  • fall bloomers
  • fall blooming
  • fall blooming bulbs
  • fall blooming native
  • fall blooming perennials
  • fall bulbs
  • fall catalog
  • fall flowers
  • fall foliage
  • fall fungi
  • fall garden
  • fall gardening
  • fall grasses
  • fall interest
  • fall open house
  • fall perennials
  • fall plumes
  • fall pollinator plants
  • fall weather
  • fall woodland garden
  • false cypress
  • false holly
  • false indigo
  • false red yucca
  • false yew
  • Family & Education
  • fan palm
  • farfugium
  • farfugium japonicum
  • fargesia
  • fast food
  • Fatsia
  • fauna
  • Favorites
  • Fern
  • fern plant
  • fern plants
  • fern spores
  • ferns
  • ferns for sale
  • ferns for shade
  • ferns for sun
  • feverfew
  • figs
  • fillers
  • fine texture
  • fire ants
  • Fireworks
  • Firmiana simplex
  • fleshy fruit
  • flood plains
  • flooding
  • floral arrangements
  • FloraQuest
  • floras
  • Florida native
  • Florida predatory stink bug
  • Florida Sunshine
  • flower arranging
  • flowering bulbs
  • flowering cacti
  • flowering cactus
  • flowering cherry
  • flowering magnolia
  • flowering maple
  • flowering onion
  • flowering peach
  • Flowering Perennials
  • flowers for hummingbirds
  • flowers hummingbirds like
  • flowers that attract bees
  • flowers that attract butterflies
  • flowers that attract hummingbirds
  • flowers that bloom all summer
  • flowers that hummingbirds like
  • flowers to attract butterflies
  • flowers to attract hummingbirds
  • fly catcher plant
  • fly trap plant
  • Foliage Plants
  • foliage texture
  • food crops
  • food source for birds
  • food source for caterpillars
  • food web
  • Footer menu
  • forget-me-nots
  • formosa lily
  • fossils
  • Foster's holly
  • Fothergilla
  • fountain grass
  • foxglove
  • Fragrant Flowers
  • fragrant foliage
  • fragrant fruit
  • Frasera caroliniensis
  • free garden chat
  • free garden lectures
  • Free plants
  • free-access
  • fringe tree
  • fritallaria
  • from our East Texas botanizing expedition. Here's our clump in full flower
  • frond
  • fuchsia flowers
  • fuchsia saninhanf
  • fuchsias
  • full bloom
  • Fundraiser
  • fundraising
  • Fundraising
  • fungi
  • fungus
  • gag gift
  • gaillardia
  • galanthus
  • Gallery
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  • garden art
  • Garden Centers
  • garden combinations
  • garden design
  • Garden Hats
  • garden history
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  • garden party
  • garden pests
  • garden phlox
  • garden photography
  • garden plants
  • garden remodel
  • garden sculpture
  • garden snakes
  • garden stream
  • garden structure
  • Garden tours
  • Garden Tours
  • garden writer
  • gardening
  • gardening in layers
  • gardening unplugged
  • gay feather
  • genetic diversity
  • genetic variability
  • genista
  • genista saxitalis
  • gentian
  • Gentiana
  • Gentiana angustifolia
  • geophyte
  • geophytes
  • geranium
  • gesneriad
  • Get Shorty
  • giant ferns
  • giant perennials
  • ginger
  • ginger lily
  • ginger lily season
  • Gingko
  • ginkgo
  • gladiolus
  • Glasshouse Works
  • glaucous foliage
  • global warming
  • gloriosa lily
  • Gloriosa superba
  • goat's rue
  • Goji berries
  • gold foliage plants
  • golden fall color
  • golden flowers
  • golden leaf plants
  • goldenrod
  • goldenrod plant
  • good winter drainage
  • Gordon's Gold
  • Goteborg Botanic Garden
  • grafting
  • grape holly
  • grapefruit
  • grapes
  • grass
  • gray foliage
  • Greece
  • Greece native
  • Greek native
  • green bark
  • green flowers
  • green meatballs
  • green mulch
  • green roofs
  • green tree frog
  • greenhouse
  • grey foliage
  • grey tree frog
  • grotto
  • ground cover for shade
  • ground orchids
  • ground wasp
  • groundcover
  • groundcover clematis
  • groundcover juniper
  • groundcover plants
  • groundcovers
  • groundcovers for sun
  • Gymnatster
  • gymnocalycium
  • gymnosperm
  • Habenaria
  • habitat
  • habitat loss
  • hairy foliage
  • hakone grass
  • Hakonechloa
  • hallucinogenic properties
  • Hamamelis
  • hand pollination
  • Hans Hansen
  • Happy Holidays
  • hardiness trials
  • hardiness zone
  • hardiness zone map
  • hardy agave
  • hardy allium
  • hardy aloe
  • hardy aroids
  • hardy asparagus
  • hardy bamboo
  • hardy banana
  • hardy begonia
  • hardy bromeliads
  • hardy cacti
  • hardy citrus
  • hardy cycads
  • hardy cyclamen
  • hardy ferns
  • hardy ginger
  • hardy ginger lily
  • hardy gloxinia
  • hardy hibiscus
  • hardy orange
  • hardy orchid
  • hardy orchids
  • hardy palms
  • hardy succulents
  • hardy tropicals
  • heat tolerance
  • hedera
  • hedychium
  • Hedychium 'Slim's Orange'
  • Hedychium flavum
  • Helianthemum
  • Helianthus
  • Helicodiceros
  • heliotrope
  • Heliotropium
  • hellebores for sale
  • helleborus
  • helleborus foetidus
  • helleborus lenten rose
  • helleborus lividus
  • Helleborus niger
  • helleborus x ballardiae
  • Helleborus x glandorfensis
  • helleborus x hybridus
  • Helleborus x iburgensis
  • Hellenia speciosa 'Wizard of Oz'
  • hemerocallis
  • Hemiboea
  • Hen of the Woods
  • Henry
  • Hens and Chicks
  • hepatica
  • herb
  • herbaceous perennial
  • herbal medicine
  • Herbal Plants
  • herbarium
  • herbs
  • Heronswood Gardens
  • herpatology
  • hesperaloe
  • Heuchera
  • hexastylis
  • hibiscus
  • Hibiscus syriacus
  • hidden cone ginger
  • highway overpass
  • hinoki cypress
  • hippeastrum
  • historic places
  • historical events
  • holiday decorations
  • holiday gift
  • holly
  • holly fern
  • Hollywood juniper
  • Homo Erectus
  • honey
  • honey bees
  • hornbeam
  • horny goat weed
  • horticultural manager
  • horticulture books
  • horticulture education
  • horticulture icons
  • horticulture jobs
  • horticulture myths
  • horticulture speakers
  • host plants for butterflies
  • Hosta
  • Hosta 'Sunshine Floozie'
  • hosta breeding
  • hosta for sale
  • hosta plant
  • hosta relative
  • hostas
  • hostas direct
  • hostas for sale
  • hostas plant
  • hostas plants
  • house plant
  • house wrens
  • houseplants
  • Houstonia
  • Howardara
  • humidity tolerance
  • hummingbird attracting plants
  • hummingbird flower
  • hummingbird flowers
  • hummingbird garden
  • hummingbird garden plants
  • hummingbird gardens
  • hummingbird plant
  • hummingbird plants
  • hummingbirds
  • hummingbirds plants
  • Humor
  • hurricane lily
  • hybrid sage
  • hybrid vigor
  • hybridization
  • hybrids
  • hydrangea
  • hydrangeas
  • hydrophyte
  • Hyla
  • hymenocallis
  • hypericum
  • Hypericum lloydii 'Aiken Back'
  • Hypoxis
  • hyssop
  • iberis
  • ice plant
  • ilex
  • ilex Whoa Nelly
  • illicium
  • imported pests
  • in our gardens
  • in the garden
  • in-situ conservation
  • India native
  • Indian native
  • Indian pink
  • insects
  • inspiration
  • intergeneric hybrid
  • international bulb society
  • International Oak Society
  • interspecific hybrids
  • Interstate 540
  • Ipheion
  • IPPS
  • iris
  • iris bulbs
  • iris cristata
  • iris ensata
  • iris ensata variegata
  • iris foetidissima
  • iris fruit
  • iris fulva
  • iris hybrid
  • iris japonica
  • Iris relative
  • iris reticulata
  • Iris speculatrix
  • iris unguicularis
  • Isopyrum
  • Italian cypress
  • Italian native
  • Itoh Peony
  • ivy
  • Jack-in-the-pulpit
  • Jacob's ladder
  • Japanese Aralia
  • Japanese black pine
  • Japanese cedar
  • japanese garden plants
  • japanese iris
  • japanese iris for sale
  • Japanese maple
  • Japanese native
  • japanese painted fern
  • Japanese persimmon
  • japanese plants
  • Japanese red pine
  • Japanese sacred lily
  • Japanese snow bell
  • Jasper
  • JC Raulston
  • JC Raulston Arboretum
  • JCRA
  • JLBG
  • JLBG Articles
  • JLBG collaboration
  • JLBG Endowment
  • JLBG greeters
  • JLBG introduction
  • JLBG Member
  • Jobs
  • joe pye
  • joe pye weed
  • John Cho
  • John Massey
  • Jordan native
  • juni
  • junip
  • juniper
  • Juniper Level Baptist Church
  • juniper level botanic garden
  • juniperus
  • Juniperus virginiana
  • Jurassic period
  • Kabitan
  • Kadsura longipedunculata
  • kale
  • Kalmia buxifolia
  • Kay Yow
  • Kay's Early Hope
  • Keetelaria davidiana
  • kidneywood
  • Kildeer
  • Kim Hawks
  • King Kong
  • Kit Kat
  • kitty crack
  • Kniphofia
  • Kniphofia 'Yellow Cheer'
  • Korea
  • Korean native
  • Kress
  • Kungia schoenlandii var. stenostachya
  • lacebark elm
  • lady fern
  • Lady Slipper
  • ladyslipper orchid
  • Lagerostroemia 'Sweetheart Dazzle'
  • Lagerstroemia
  • landmarks
  • Landscape Architect
  • lantana shrub
  • Larry Mellichamp
  • laser printer
  • laser tags
  • late summer garden
  • lavender flowers
  • law of nature
  • lawn
  • leaf cuttings
  • Ledebouria
  • legume
  • Lemon Seoul
  • lenten rose
  • leopard plant
  • Lespedeza
  • Leucophyllum
  • liatris
  • Liatris tenuifolia 'Jasper'
  • lichen
  • light shade
  • ligularia
  • lilac flowers
  • lilac tree
  • lilies
  • Lilium
  • Lilium 'Tidwell'
  • Lilium lancifolium 'Fukurin Fu'
  • lily
  • lily of the Nile
  • limestone
  • liner production
  • Linnaeus
  • lip fern
  • lipstick plant
  • Liquidambar
  • liriope
  • Lithocarpus
  • Lithocarpus glaber
  • lithophytes
  • Lithops
  • living fossils
  • living stones
  • lizards
  • lobelia cardinalis
  • local food trucks
  • long blooming perennials
  • long lived plants
  • long-leaf buckwheat
  • longtime staff
  • Longwood Gardens
  • loquat
  • loropetalum
  • louisiana iris
  • louisiana iris for sale
  • love lily
  • low country
  • lubber grasshoppers
  • Lupinus
  • Lychnis
  • lycoris
  • lycoris hybrids
  • Macbridea caroliniana
  • Machilus
  • MadAboutMangave
  • magnolia
  • Magnolia 'Serendipity'
  • magnolia lotungensis
  • Magnolia sieboldii
  • Magnolia virginiana
  • Magnolia virginiana 'Mattie Mae Smith'
  • mahonia
  • Maiden Fern
  • maiden grass
  • maidenhair fern
  • mail order nursery
  • Majorca
  • male cones
  • male flower form
  • Malgas lily
  • mallow
  • mallows
  • man made hybrid
  • Manfreda
  • mangave
  • mangave trials
  • maple
  • marginal aquatics
  • marshallia
  • Master Gardener
  • mature size
  • may apple
  • Mazus
  • Medicinal herbs
  • medicinal medicine plants
  • Medicinal Plants
  • medicine plants
  • Mediterranean plants
  • Membership
  • Membership
  • Mertensia
  • message
  • Mexican heather
  • Mexican native
  • mexican oak
  • Mexican salvia
  • micro-climate
  • microbiota
  • micropropagation
  • Microsorum buergerianum 'Datun'
  • Middle East native
  • midwest native
  • milkweed
  • Milla magnifica
  • mimosa
  • mindfulness
  • miniature fairy garden
  • miniature fairy gardens
  • miniature garden
  • miniature plants
  • miniature rock fern
  • Mint
  • mint relative
  • Mioga ginger
  • miscanthus
  • mixed planters
  • Mobile menu
  • moist shade
  • moist soils
  • monarch butterfly
  • monarda
  • mondo grass
  • monkey grass
  • monkey puzzle
  • monkshood
  • monocarpic
  • monotypic genus
  • Montrose Gardens
  • Monty Python
  • moon carrot
  • morning sun
  • Morocco
  • moss
  • mother nature
  • moths
  • mottled foliage
  • Mr. Maple Nursery
  • Mt. Cuba Center
  • muhlenbergia
  • muhlenbergia capillaris
  • Muhlenbergia dumosa 'Patagonia'
  • Muhlenbergia lindheimeri
  • muhly grass
  • Mukdenia
  • multistem shrub
  • musa
  • Musa aurantiaca
  • mushroom
  • mutations
  • Myanmar
  • Myosotis
  • Nancy Goodwin
  • nandina
  • narcissus
  • narrow habit
  • Nassella
  • National Arboretum
  • native
  • native amphibians
  • native aster
  • native azaleas
  • native bees
  • native buddleia
  • native cactus
  • native ferns
  • native gingers
  • native grasses
  • native groundcovers
  • native insects
  • native orchids
  • native palms
  • native perennials
  • native plant nursery
  • native plants
  • native pollinators
  • native reptiles
  • native sedge
  • native shrubs
  • native toad
  • native trees
  • native vines
  • native wasps
  • native wildlife
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  • open house
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  • ophiopogon
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  • orange flower
  • orange fruit
  • orange perennial flowers
  • Orangeola
  • orbweaver
  • orchid
  • orchid tree
  • oregano
  • oregano in the garden
  • organic matter
  • Origanum
  • Origanum 'Drops of Jupiter'
  • Origanum laevigatum
  • origanum vulgare
  • ornamental asparagus
  • ornamental fruit
  • ornamental grass
  • ornamental seed
  • ornamental shrubs
  • orontium
  • orostachys
  • osmanthus
  • Osmanthus fragrans var. aurantiacus 'Beni Kin Mokusei'
  • osmunda
  • ostrich fern
  • Our plants
  • outdoor ferns
  • outdoor production
  • oxalis
  • oxblood lily
  • Ozzie Johnson
  • pachysandra
  • Pacific Northwest native
  • Packera x memmingeri
  • paeonia
  • Paeonia ostii
  • painted buckeye
  • palm
  • palmate leaves
  • palms
  • pampas grass
  • Pancake juniper
  • Pancratium sickenbergii
  • panicle hydrangea
  • panicum
  • Panicum amarulum 'Johnston Blue'
  • panicum Niagara Falls
  • panicum virgatum
  • Panther Branch
  • paper bush
  • parasol mushroom
  • parasol tree
  • Paris
  • Paris quadrifolia
  • Parrotia
  • part shade perennials
  • part sun garden
  • partridge berry
  • pasque flower
  • pass-along plant
  • patio gardening
  • Patirot
  • patterns in nature
  • Paul Meyer
  • pdner
  • peach flowers
  • pediocactus
  • pelargonium
  • Pellaea
  • pencil cactus
  • pendulous habit
  • Pennisetum alopecuroides
  • penstemon
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  • peony
  • peony plants for sale
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  • perennials for wet sites
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  • permanent labels
  • permatill
  • perovskia atriplicifolia
  • Peru native
  • peruvian lilies
  • peruvian lily
  • pest control
  • Phil Adams
  • phlomis
  • phlomis fruticosa
  • phlox
  • phlox groundcover
  • phlox paniculata
  • phone case
  • Photinia
  • php
  • Picea
  • pig butt arum
  • pine savannas
  • pineapple lilies
  • Pineapple Lily
  • pinellia
  • pines
  • pink and white flowers
  • Pink Flowers
  • pink foliage
  • pink fruit
  • pink muhly
  • pink muhly grass
  • pink perennials
  • pink phlox
  • Pinus
  • pipevine swallowtail butterfly
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  • pitcher plants for sale
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  • plant labels
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  • plant research
  • Plant Sciences
  • plant selection
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  • plant taxonomy
  • plant trials
  • plantaholic
  • plantain lily hosta
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  • plants birds like
  • plants deer don't like
  • plants deer won't eat
  • plants for birds
  • Plants for Containers
  • plants for hummingbirds
  • plants for sale
  • plants hummingbirds like
  • plants that attract bees
  • plants that attract butterflies
  • plants that deer will not eat
  • plants to attract birds
  • plants to attract butterflies
  • plants to attract hummingbirds
  • plantsman
  • plantswoman
  • pleated foliage
  • Pleione
  • Pleopeltis
  • plumes
  • Podcast
  • podcasts
  • podocarpus
  • podophyllum
  • poet's laurel
  • poke salad
  • Polemonium
  • Polianthes
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  • pollinator plant
  • pollinators
  • Polygala lutea
  • polygonatum
  • Polystichum
  • pomegranate
  • poor soils
  • Populus tremuloides
  • Praying Mantis
  • prehistoric plants
  • prickly pear cactus
  • pride month
  • Primary Menu
  • primrose
  • primula
  • Primula sieboldii
  • Princess Fabiana
  • princess lily
  • privacy hedge
  • private garden tour
  • propagation
  • Proven Winners
  • Prunus laurocerasus
  • Prunus persica
  • Pseudohydrosme
  • Pseudolarix
  • Pseudolarix amabilis 'Greensanity'
  • Pteris
  • Pteris wallichiana 'Hualien Giant'
  • public gardens
  • Pulsatilla
  • purple blooms
  • purple coneflower
  • purple coneflowers
  • purple flowers
  • purple foliage
  • purple fruit
  • purple leaf plant
  • purple muhly grass
  • purple perennails
  • Puya
  • Pyrrosia
  • Pyrrosia polydactyla 'Middle Finger'
  • Queen Victoria agave
  • Quercus
  • rain
  • rain garden
  • rain lily
  • rainbow
  • rainlily
  • Raleigh
  • Raleigh NC
  • rare perennials
  • rare plants
  • reblooming
  • red buckeye
  • red cedar
  • red fall color
  • red flowers
  • red foliage
  • red fruit
  • red hot poker
  • Red Neck Girl
  • red spruce
  • red stems
  • red winter foliage
  • redbud
  • redneck lupines
  • reference library
  • Remove term: Southeastern Plant Symposium Southeastern Plant Symposium
  • reptile
  • Research
  • restoration
  • retiring perennials
  • Rhode Island
  • rhododendron
  • rhodophiala
  • Rhodophiala bifida 'Hill Country Red'
  • Rhodophiala bifida 'White Surprise'
  • Rhus typhina 'Baltiger'
  • Rhynchospora
  • ribbon fern
  • Richard Oldham
  • Ritchie Bell
  • river birch
  • road construction
  • rock
  • rock fern
  • rock garden perennial
  • rock garden plants
  • rock gardening
  • rock rose
  • rohdea
  • Rohdea flower
  • rohdea fruit
  • roots
  • Rose campion
  • rose of sharon
  • rose of sharons
  • rosemary
  • Rosenwald School
  • Rosmarinus
  • roundleaf bluet
  • Royal Horticultural Society
  • Rudbeckia
  • ruellia
  • Ruellia 'Black Beauty'
  • ruscus
  • Russia
  • Russian Sage
  • sabal
  • sabal palm
  • sabatia
  • Sabatia kennedeyana
  • Sacajawea
  • Sage
  • sago palm
  • SALE
  • salix
  • salt tolerant
  • Salvia
  • Salvia 'Phyllis Fancy'
  • salvia chamaedryoides
  • Salvia darcyi
  • Salvia glabrescens
  • Salvia leucantha
  • Salvia madrensis 'Red Neck Girl'
  • Salvia nutans
  • sambucus
  • sample
  • sand crinum
  • sandy soils
  • Sarastro Nursery
  • sarcococca
  • Sarracenia
  • Sarracenia flava
  • Sarracenia x moorei 'Red Saucers'
  • sarracenias
  • Sassafras
  • satire
  • Sauls Rd.
  • sauromatum
  • Saxifraga
  • SC Botanical Garden
  • Scadoxus
  • scales
  • scarlet flowers
  • Schefflera
  • schizachyrium
  • Scolia dubia
  • Scott McMahon
  • screening plant
  • sculpture
  • sculptures
  • sea kale
  • sea oats
  • Secondary Menu
  • Sedge
  • sedge grass
  • sedge plant
  • sedum
  • Sedum 'Frosted Fire'
  • seed catalog
  • seed dispersal
  • seed pods
  • seed propagation
  • Seedhead
  • seedless muscadine
  • seedling
  • seedling variability
  • seedpods
  • seep
  • selaginella
  • semi-double flowers
  • semi-evergreen
  • Sempervivum
  • Serbian spruce
  • Seseli gummiferum
  • Setcreasea pallida
  • shade
  • shade ferns
  • shade garden
  • shade gardening
  • shade loving perennials
  • shade loving plants
  • shade perennials
  • shamrock
  • sharon's road
  • shooting stars
  • short-lived perennial
  • shrub mint
  • Siberian native plants
  • silene
  • silver fern
  • silver foliage
  • silver moon
  • silver moon fern
  • silver variegation
  • silver veining
  • similar spider fern
  • Sinningia
  • Sinningia 'Carolyn'
  • Sinojackia
  • sleeping beauty
  • slime mold
  • slow growing
  • small trees
  • snapdragon
  • snapping turtle
  • Snow Cream
  • snow rose
  • snowbell
  • Snowdrops
  • soapwort
  • solidago
  • solidago rugosa
  • solidago rugosa fireworks
  • solomon seal plant
  • Solomon's Seal
  • sotol
  • South African plants
  • South American plants
  • South Carolina
  • South Carolina native
  • South Korea native
  • Southeast Asia
  • southeast native
  • Southeastern Plant Symposium
  • Southeastern Plant Symposium
  • Southern Blues
  • Southern ring-neck snake
  • southwest native
  • southwest plants
  • sowing spore
  • spadix
  • spathe
  • specialized habitats
  • specialty collection
  • species diversity
  • specimen
  • Sphinx moth
  • spider lilies
  • spider lily
  • spider plant
  • spider web
  • spiders
  • spiderwort
  • Spigelia marilandica
  • spike moss
  • spineless agave
  • spines
  • spiny perennial
  • spiny shrub
  • spiraea
  • spiral ginger
  • Spiranthes
  • spores
  • spotted variegation
  • sprekelia
  • spring blooming
  • spring bulbs
  • spring ephemeral
  • spring ephemerals
  • spring flowering
  • spring flowering tree
  • spring garden
  • Spring Meadow Nursery
  • spring open house
  • spurge
  • squirrel
  • St. John's wort
  • Stachys
  • staff
  • staghorn sumac
  • star grass
  • Starry Eyes
  • sterile blooms
  • sterile fruit
  • stinkhorn
  • stinking hellebore
  • stokes aster
  • Stokesia
  • stone oak
  • stone work
  • stonecrop
  • Stonehenge
  • street mural
  • stress relief
  • Styrax japonica
  • Styrax japonicus
  • succulent
  • succulents
  • succulents for sale
  • Sum and Substance
  • Sumatra
  • summer dormant perennials
  • summer flowering bulbs
  • summer flowering perennials
  • summer flowers
  • summer open house
  • summer phlox
  • Summer Rayne Oakes
  • summer solstice
  • sun garden
  • sun loving plants
  • sun perennials
  • sun plants
  • sundrops
  • SunFlare
  • sunny perennials
  • sunrise
  • sunset
  • Support
  • surprise lilies
  • surprise lily
  • swallowtail butterfly
  • swamp gentian
  • swamp sunflower
  • swamp titi
  • swamps
  • sweet Betsy
  • sweet box
  • sweet flag
  • sweetgum
  • sweetheart tree
  • sweetshrub
  • sword fern
  • symetrical
  • Symposium
  • Syria native
  • Syringa
  • Syringa reticulata subsp. pekinensis
  • Taccarum
  • tag printing
  • Taiwan native
  • tall phlox
  • Tanzania
  • taxa
  • taxodium
  • taxonomists
  • taxus
  • tea olive
  • technology
  • Ted Stephens
  • tendrils
  • Tennessee native
  • Tephrosia virginiana
  • Terra Ceia Farms
  • terrestrial orchids
  • teucrium
  • Texas blue bonnet
  • texas native plants
  • Texas plantsman
  • text
  • Thailand native
  • Thelypteris
  • Thelypteris ovata var. lindheimeri 'Austin City Limits'
  • thermogenesis
  • thorns
  • thrillers
  • thuja
  • thyme
  • Thymus neiceffii
  • Tibet native
  • tiger lily
  • tissue culture
  • titan
  • titan arum
  • toad
  • toadshade
  • tongue fern
  • tongue oil tree
  • Tony Avent
  • tony's favorite
  • toothache grass
  • toothwort
  • Trachycarpus
  • Tradescantia
  • transformation
  • Travel logs
  • tree frog
  • tree ivy
  • tree removal
  • trees
  • trending plants
  • trial gardens
  • trichocereus
  • Trillium
  • Trillium cuneatum
  • Trillium discolor
  • Trillium lancifolium
  • Trillium maculatum
  • Trillium oostingii
  • trillium underwoodii
  • tropical agave
  • tropical aroids
  • tropical looking plants
  • tropicalplants
  • trout lily
  • trumpet creeper
  • tuberose
  • tubular flowers
  • tufts
  • tumeric
  • turfgrass
  • Turkey native
  • Turkish fir
  • turmeric
  • turtle
  • twentytwentythree
  • UK
  • ulmus
  • under watering
  • unidentified species
  • unique plants
  • urban gardening
  • US National Arboretum
  • USDA
  • vaccinium
  • variegated
  • variegated agave
  • variegated aroid
  • variegated conifers
  • variegated evergreens
  • variegated foliage
  • variegated groundcover
  • variegated holly
  • variegated hosta
  • variegated hostas
  • variegated leaves
  • Variegated mericlinal chimera on an agave
  • Variegated Nellie Stevens Holly
  • variegated orchid
  • variegated perennials
  • variegated phlox
  • Variegated Plants
  • variegated shrub
  • variegated shrubs
  • variegated sport
  • vegetarian
  • venus fly trap
  • venus fly trap plant
  • venus flytrap
  • Verbascum
  • verbena
  • Verbesina
  • veronica
  • viburnum
  • Viburnum sieboldii 'Honeysong'
  • video
  • Vietnam
  • vine
  • Virginia bluebells
  • Visit
  • visitors
  • vitamin D
  • vitex
  • vitis
  • voles
  • volunteer
  • voodoo lily
  • Wahingtonia palm
  • Wake Co.
  • Walter Flory
  • Walters Gardens
  • wasps
  • water garden
  • water management
  • wavy leaf margins
  • wedding flower
  • weed suppression
  • weeds
  • weeping cherry
  • weeping conifers
  • weeping plants
  • weeping redbud
  • well drained
  • west coast
  • western North Carolina
  • wetlands
  • whale tongue agave
  • what flowers attract butterflies
  • what flowers attract hummingbirds
  • what plants attract butterflies
  • what plants attract hummingbirds
  • where to buy succulents
  • white bracts
  • white cedar
  • white flowers
  • white fruit
  • white phlox
  • white pine
  • white satin moths
  • white variegation
  • wild blue phlox
  • wild flowers
  • wild ginger
  • wild ginger flower
  • Wild Ginger Plant
  • wild perennial
  • wild phlox
  • Wildlife
  • willow oak
  • willow tree
  • wind pollinated
  • windmill palm
  • winter annual
  • winter blooming plants
  • Winter Delights hellebores
  • winter flowering plants
  • winter flowers
  • winter garden
  • winter gardening
  • winter hazel
  • winter interest
  • winter open house
  • witch hazel
  • witches broom
  • woodland
  • Woodland Garden
  • woodland gardens
  • woodland ginger
  • woodland groundcover
  • Woodland Plants
  • woodland sage
  • Woodlander's Nursery
  • woody lily
  • woody ornamentals
  • woody perennial
  • world natives
  • wormwood
  • wrong information
  • Wuhan Angel
  • xAmarcrinum
  • Xerophyta
  • xerophyte
  • yaupon holly
  • yellow blooms
  • yellow fall color
  • yellow flowers
  • yellow foliage
  • yellow fruit
  • yellow jackets
  • yellow lady slipper
  • Yellow Peony
  • yellow perennials
  • yellow variegation
  • yerba mansa
  • Yew
  • yucca
  • Yucca Do Nursery
  • Yucca filamentosa
  • Yucca filamentosa 'Variegata'
  • Yucca flaccida
  • Yucca flaccida 'Variegata'
  • yucca plant
  • yucca plants
  • yucca plants for sale
  • Yucca recurvifolia
  • zantedeschia
  • zephyranthes
  • zig zag fern
  • zingiber
  • zombies
  • zone 7b
  • zone 8a
  • zone 8b
  • zone limits

Hymenocallis (Spider Lily)

The JLBG collection includes about 34 species (including subspecies and varieties), 37 hybrids and 42 undetermined; 268 clones

In 2021, we were able to rescue the extensive Victor Lambou hymenocallis collection, which now makes the hymenocallis collection at JLBG, the most extensive in the world. As of 2022, our collection contains 126 clones of 33 species, and 52 hybrid clones, for a total of 179 taxa.

Genus History

Hymenocallis are members of the Amaryllidaceae, which includes many other familiar plants including hippeastrum, zephyranthes, nerines, and lycoris. 

The genus hymenocallis was split from Linnaeus' genus, Pancratium (1753) by Salisbury in 1812. It originally consisted of 7 species, six, which were formerly pancratium, and one new species. The name Hymenocallis means "beautiful membrane".  Two Linnaean names were omitted including Pancratium mexicanum (Bauml 1979).

In 1821, Herbert published the first full description for the new genus Hymenocallis. Several other works followed: The Amaryllidaceae (Herbert 1837), Synopses Monographicae (Roemer 1847), Enumeratio Pantarum (Kunth 1850), Amaryllideae (Baker 1888), Hymenocallis (Sealy 1954), (Traub 1962). 

In 1962, Traub include 4 subgenera in the genus Hymenocallis, which have since been elevated to genus status. Those include: Ismene, Elisena(sometimes lumped into Ismene), Pseudostenomesson, and Hymenocallis. There are currently (2022), 68 valid species in the genus Hymenocallis.

Hymenocallis Species

Any species below in red indicates this name is now considered an invalid synonym.

Hymenocallis acutifolia (Sweet 1830)(Mexico; Chiapas, Jalisco, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas)

  • phylogeny:
  • habitat: streamside
  • plant habit:
  • foliage: 1m/40" long, evergreen
  • flowers: vanilla fragrance, last species to flower August to October (Howard)
  • seed:

Hymenocallis araniflora (T. Howard 1990)(Mexico; Sinaloa, Nayarit)

  • phylogeny:
  • habitat:
  • plant habit: solitary
  • foliage: erect fountain of wide, strap-shaped glaucescent leaves (T. Howard)
  • flowers: 4-8 flowers in early-summer, recurved tepals
  • seed:

Hymenocallis arenicola (Northrop) (Bahamas, Haiti, Jamaica, West Indies)

  • phylogeny:
  • habitat: can tolerate dry conditions (T. Howard)
  • plant habit:
  • foliage: wide, strap-shaped glaucescent leaves
  • flowers: large umbels of fragrant white flowers in midsummer
  • seed:

Hymenocallis astrostephana (Howard 1981) (Mexico; Guerrero)

  • phylogeny:
  • habitat:
  • plant habit:
  • foliage: costate leaves
  • flowers: 2-5 long-tubed flowers, small 6-pointed cups
  • seed:

Hymenocallis azteciana (Traub 1967) (Mexico; Jalisco, Nayarit)

  • phylogeny: related to H. phalangidis, H. leavenworthii
  • habitat: black loam in shaded woods, 3300' to 7500' elevation, occasionally grows with H. howardii south of Tepic.
  • plant habit: deciduous, non-offsetting
  • foliage: glaucous/glaucescent leaves 3-5, sessile, oblong, 9.3 cm long x 8.3 cm wide; similar to H. glauca or H. porterantha; sub-petiolate leaf base; in foliage, looks similar to H. glauca or H. proterantha.
  • flowers: fragrant, small cupped flowers in early June to mid-July, scape 4' tall, 9 flowers; curved and atypically expanded tepal tubes; S-shaped tepal tubes, flower held @ 45 degrees; filaments winged beyond cup rum
  • seed: hybridizes in situ with H. proterantha

Hymenocallis baumlii (Ravenna 1979)(Mexico; Vera Cruz, Oaxaca, Chiapas)

  • phylogeny:
  • habitat: pastures, roadside ditches, lower slopes (Howard)
  • plant habit:
  • foliage: erect green strap-shaped leaves; 20-33 cm long x 1.9-2.5 wide, 7 leaves
  • flowers: 36-46 cm long scape, 4-8 ribbon-like flowers in early/mid summer
  • seed:

Hymenocallis bidentata (Small 1933)(Alabama)

  • phylogeny: synonymized into H. occidentalis var. occidentalis with H. moldenkeana (G. Smith etal. 2010)

name invalid due to improper description...photo didn't match plant

Hymenocallis bolivariana (Traub 1967) (Carica, Monagas, Venezuela)

  • phylogeny:
  • habitat:
  • plant habit: evergreen
  • foliage: wide, strap-shaped, petiolate leaves
  • flowers: 8 flowers
  • seed:

Hymenocallis caribaea (L./Ker-Gawl./Herb.)(Antigua, Barbados, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Matinique, Puerto Rico, St. Croix)

  • phylogeny:
  • habitat:
  • plant habit: evergreen
  • foliage: 
  • flowers: 8-10 fragrant flowers in mid-summer
  • seed:

Hymenocallis caroliniana (Herb. 1821) (KY, LA, MO, IN, GA, AL)

  • phylogeny: synonymized with H. eulae, galvestonensis, moldenkeana (Smith etal. 2010)
    • Howard considered this the correct name for H. occidentalis
    • unable to determine id from Catesby's description and drawing (Smith etal 2003)

Hymenocallis caymanensis (Herb. 1837)(Cayman Islands)

  • phylogeny: synonym of H. latifolia (Sealy 1954)

Hymenocallis chiapasiana (T. Howard 1979)(Mexico; Chiapas highlands)

  • phylogeny: similar to H. choretis; syn: H. cleo
  • habitat: Rocky outcrops @ 6000' elevation
  • plant habit: deciduous
  • foliage: 3-5 leaves, glaucous, petiolate to sub-petiolate, 30cm long x 2.5-4.5 cm wide
  • flowers: May/June, 1-2 per scape, sweet scent, flowers 1 month earlier than H. choretis
  • seed: 2 ovules

Hymenocallis choretis var. choretis (Hemsl. 1884)(Traub 1962) Mexico: Morelos, Nayarit)

*phylogeny: (synonym of H. glauca)

Hymenocallis choretis var. oahacensis (Traub 1962) Mexico: Puebla

*phylogeny: (synonym of H. glauca)

Hymenocallis choctawensis (Traub 1962)(FL, Walton Co., GA)

*phylogeny: clade with franklinensis, gholsonii, pygmaea, crassifolia, duvalensis

*habitat: grows with H. liriosme in very moist sites

*plant habit: deciduous, rhizomatous

*foliage: 5-9 shiny green leaves coraceous oblanceolate, deciduous

*flowers: 2-12, fragrant, in spring, but later to open than H. franklinensis (Smith etal. 2010)

*seed: ovules 1-3

*sister to franklinensis (Smith etal 2010)

Hymenocallis collieri (Small 1933)(Florida)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. latifolia

Hymenocallis concinna (Baker 1893)(Mexico; Jalisco western, Hidalgo southern, Zacatecas, Michoacan)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. pringlei 1904; H. dillenii 1954; H. mexicana 1962; closely related to H. durangoensis

*habitat: 3300-6800' elevation on rocky hillsides/slopes; grows with H. glauca in Michocan (Bauml 1979)

*plant habit: deciduous, rarely offsetting, small plant

*foliage: 3-6 erect glaucous/glaucescent subpetiolate leaves, linear to narrowly oblong

*flowers: multiple flower scapes of small white flowers with short out-curving tubes (Howard); tepal tubes <5cm; cup occasionally rotate; faint sweet odor of chlorine bleach

*seed:

*chromosome: 2n=54, 58, 60, 63, 70, 72, 76,78, 84,88

Hymenocallis cordifolia (Micheli 1899) (Mexico; Guerrero W @ 1500')

*phylogeny: closest relative is H. woelfleana and H. eucharidifolia

*habitat: on cliffs, seasonally dry

*plant habit: deciduous

*foliage: 4 shiny green deciduous, thin leaves; oblong, petiolate with pale yellow broad midrib; 20-30cm long x 12-17 cm wide

*flowers: 7-12 sub-sessile flowers; yellow pollen (Howard); filaments solid green; 42 cm scape; tepal tubes green at base; pure white funnelform cup; flowers mid-May to mid-June in cultivation

*seed:

*chromosome: 2n=46

Hymenocallis coronaria (Le Conte/Kunth 1850)(NC, Gaston Co., SC,GA, AL)

*phylogeny: published as Pancratium coronarium; sister of liriosme (G. Smith etal 2010)

*habitat: only grows on gravel bars in moving water in the Cahaba River basin

*plant habit: deciduous clump former without stolons

 *foliage: leaves linear

 *flowers: May, 3-4 per stalk, flower has yellow eye in corona 

*seed: ovules 1-3

Hymenocallis crassifolia (Herb. 1821)(NC-FL) 

Named as Pancratium crassifolium

*phylogeny: clade with choctawensis, franklinensis, gholsonii, pygmaea, duvalensis (G. Smith etal. 2010); similar to H. franklinensis (A. Davis); T. Howard consdidered it a synonym of H. floridana.

same as Pancratium rotatum var. biflorum (Smith etal 2003)

*habitat: ditches, stream margins, rivers, bogs, brackish marshes

*plant habit: deciduous, rhizomatous

*foliage: shiny leaves, coriaceous, suberect, >1cm wide

*flowers: 2-3 per scape, fragrant

*seed:

Hymenocallis declinata (Jacq./Sweet)(Bahamas, Bermuda, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Croix)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. caribaea (Gawl.)

Hymenocallis dillenii (Sealy 1954)

phylogeny: synonym of H. concinna

Hymenocallis disciformis (Roemer. 1847)

*phylogeny; synonym of H. rotata

Hymenocallis dryandri (Sweet) Mexico: Vera Cruz

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis durangoensis (T. Howard 1978)(Mexico, Durango S. Central)

*phylogeny: related to H. concinna

*habitat: rich black soils, summer moist flood plains/winter dry (Howard)' 

*plant habit: deciduous, tight clumps, offsetting, dark brown bulb tunics

*foliage: 4-8 sessile erect spiraled linear, sessile lvs, erect, shiny bright green,25-40 cm long x 2.5cm wide 

*flowers: scape 25-40cm with 4-12 flowers of outfacing umbels in early summer;  tepal tubes <5cm; occasionally rotate cup, pure white

*seed:

Hymenocallis duvalensis (Traub 1967)(FL, Alachua Chatham, Escambia, Duval Cos. and GA south central)

*phylogeny: synonymized with H. galvestonensis with H. franklinensis, gholsonii, liriosme) Smith 2010; 1967 Traub broke this out of H. rotata

*habitat: streams/swamps/floodplains

*plant habit: deciduous, stoloniferous

*foliage: 3-4 lvs, 20" long x 1" wide, deep green, low arching, almost prostrate

*flowers: 2 flower/scape; smaller than H. rotata, fragrant, April - June

*seed: 2-4 ovules

Hymenocallis eucharidifolia (Baker 1884) (Mexico;  Oaxaca, Hidalgo, Nayarit, Sinaloa)

*phylogeny: near H. choretis (T. Howard 1978)

*habitat:

*plant habit: deciduous, clumper

*foliage: 6-8 decumbent, subpetiolate leaves, late to emerge

*flowers: 3-5 flowers in late May; 3 ovaries (Howard 1978)

*seed:

Hymenocallis eulae (Shinners 1951)(Texas, Oklahoma)

aka: H. occidentalis var. eulae (Smith & Garland 2003)

*phylogeny: clade with H. choctawensis, franklinensis, gholsonii, pygmaea, crassifolia

Smith etal. 2010); Smith 2010 thinks original plants of H. galvestonensis designated H. liriosme after examining original specimen.

Howard 1994 pointed out that Shinners H. eulae was the same as Herbert's H. galvestonensis and that Shinners never examined Drummond's original specimen. All plants of H. eulae are H. galvestonensis (T. Howard 1994)

*habitat: piney woods, often near seepage slopes

*plant habit: deciduous, upright glaucous leaves/clumper

*foliage:

*flowers: late July/early August without foliage

*seed:

Hymenocallis expansa (Herb.)(Bermuda, Haiti, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Croix)

*phylogeny: related to H. caymanensis and H. caribaea (T. Howard)

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage: evergreen

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis floridana (Raf. 1838)(FL)

*phylogeny: synonymized with H. rotata (Smith etal 2010)

Hymenocallis fragrans (Salisbury)(Barbados, Jamaica, St. Cahterine's)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage: evergreen

*flowers: fragrant flowers in fall; sub-sessile stalked flowers

*seed:

Hymenocallis franklinensis (Smith/Flory 2001)(FL, Franklin County, lower central panhandle, Cow Creek/Bear Creek)

*phylogeny: clade with H. choctawensis, gholsonii, pygmaea, crassifolia, duvalensis (G. Smith etal. 2010); synonymized as H. galvestonensis along with H. duvalensis, gholsonii, liriosme (G. Smith etal. 2010)

*habitat: stream banks, river drainage basins

*plant habit: deciduous, rhizomatous

*foliage: leaves narrow, 3-5 ct., much more coriaceous than H. duvalensis

*flowers: flowers late June/early July, earlier than H. choctawensis; flower and bracts much more robust than H. crassifolia (Smith)

*seed:

Hymenocallis galvestonensis (Baker/Herbert 1837)(Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Florida)

*phylogeny: synonymized with H. duvalensis, franklinensis, gholsonii, liriosme (G. Smith etal. 2010); same as H. eulae (T. Howard)

Originally published by Herbert under the genus Choretis

correct name for H. eulae (Howard 1994)

correct name for H. moldenkeana (V. Lambou 2003)

Dorman 1961 says H. eulae and H. galvestonensis are different species

*habitat: well drained acidic sandy loam

*plant habit: deciduous

*foliage: 8 glaucous leaves (Herbert)

*flowers: round scape, flowers without foliage in late summer, 4 flowers per scape, scape 9-11 inches

*seed:

Hymenocallis gholsonii (Smith/Garland 2009)(Florida panhandle)

*phylogeny: clade with H. choctawensis, franklinensis, pygmaea, crassifolia, duvalensis (G. Smith etal. 2010)

*habitat:

*plant habit: deciduous

*foliage:

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis glauca (M.J. Roem 1847)(Mexico: Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla)

*phylogeny: previously known as Pancratium glaucum; resembles H. proterantha

*habitat:dry deciduous tropical scrub forest in sem-shade @ 3600-5600' where it grows with H. concinna north of Arteaga, Michoacan (Bauml 1979); grows with H. harrisiana south and west of Chilpancingo, Guerrero (Bauml 1979)

*plant habit: deciduous, solitary clump, rarely offets, late to emerge

*foliage: 2-5 sub-petiolate, oblong, glaucous leaves

*flowers: 1-6 flowers/scape, large cups with yellow/green center in early summer; rotate staminal cup; circle of green/yellow at interior base

*seed: shiny, light/med green

*chromosomes: 2n=42, 84

Hymenocallis godfreyi (Smith/ Darst 1994)(Florida, Wakulla Co.)

*phylogeny: clade with H. rotata, H. tridentata (G. Smith etal 2010); synomyized as H. humilis along with H. palmeri

*habitat: seasonally flooded prairies, brackish marshes

*plant habit: deciduous, rhizomatous from basal plate

*foliage: leaves 15" long x 1" wide; yellow-green, coracious, suberect, channeled, strap-like 

*flowers: 2 flowers/scape, March-May

*seed: 2n=48; 4 ovules

Hymenocallis graminifolia (Greenman 1903)(Mexico: Morelos)

*phylogeny:

*habitat: along railroad tracks and open pastures @ 4400'

*plant habit: deciduous, small plant <1' tall (Howard)

*foliage: 5-6 narrow glaucous, sessile leaves

*flowers: 1-4 (max. 6) small fragrant flowers in early July with large cups(Howard);  tepal tubes <5cm; white rotate staminal cup; rounded flower scape

*seed:

*chromosomes: 2n=46,60

Hymenocallis guatemalensis (Traub 1967)(Guatemala)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers: 5-7 in early April

*seed:

Hymenocallis guerreroensis (T. Howard 1978)(Mexico, Guerrero central)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit: deciduous, non-offsetting

*foliage: 3-5 lvs, glaucous, linear-elliptic/sessile; 26-35cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide

*flowers: 1-4 in early May (Howard); upper 1/4 of tepal tube white; rotate staminal cup; filaments entirely green

*seed: smooth, shiny, light green

chromosomes: unknown

Hymenocallis guianensis (Ker./Herb.)(St. Kitts, Trinidad)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. tubiflora (Salisbury)

Hymenocallis harrisiana (Herbert 1840)(Mexico: Morelos central, E. Michoacan through S, N, and E. Mexico, and south into central Guerrero @ 3100' - 8000' elevation.

*phylogeny: Pancratium mexicanum (Linnaeus 1753) is a synonym; Bauml (1979) says that H. harrisiana of the Dutch bulb trade is not actually correct, and appears to be an un-named species. Also known as Pancratium carribaeum (1753); Hymenocallis milleri (1847); Hymenocallis dillenii (Roem/Sealy 1954); Hymenocallis mexicana (1907)

*habitat:

*plant habit: deciduous, offsetting bulbs

*foliage: 2-4 (8) erect, dull glaucescent, upright petiolate, narrowly oblong leaves, late to emerge; folded leaf margin

*flowers: 1-3 (6) in early July; 2 scapes per bulb; max 6 flowers per glaucescent scape; tepals green dorsally; cup occasionally subrotate; faint sweet fragrance

*seed: dull light green

*chromosomes: 2n=30, 44,76, 86, 87, 88, 92

Hymenocallis henryae (Traub 1962) (Florida, Gulf, Bay, Liberty, and Walton Co.)

*phylogeny: sister of H. palmeri (G. Smith etal. 2010..strongly supported)

*recognizes var. henryae and var. glaucifolia

*habitat: cypress drainage, wet pine flatwoods

*plant habit: deciduous, clumping

*foliage: glaucous blue green

*flowers: flower scape bracts that do not cover flowers, fragrant, pale green, 2-3 per scape

*seed: 2n=38

Hymenocallis horsmannii (Baker 1888)(Mexico: Jalisco, Nayarit, Vera Cruz)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. glauca (M.J. Roem.)

Hymenocallis howardii (Bauml 1989)(Mexico: Jalisco/Nayarit)

*phylogeny: closest relative is H. proterantha...flowers are indistinguishable; H. howardii is sessile and narrower; also similar to H. sonoroensis.

*habitat: grows in large colonies alogn roadsides and open fields and scattered in woodlands; occastionally with H jaliscensis north of Tepic, Nayarit (Bauml 1979); grows with H. azteciana south of Tepic, Nayarit (Bauml 1979).

*plant habit: deciduous

*foliage: 5-7 (9), erect, narrow, sessile, glaucous leaves

*flowers: lightly scented, short-tubed white flowers in late June -early August; tepals pale green dorsally

*seed:

*chromosom6es: 2n=86,89,94,104

Hymenocallis humilis (Watson)

*phylogeny: very similar to H. palmeri (Flory 1978); synonymized with H. godfreyi, palmeri (G. Smith etal. 2010)

 

Hymenocallis imperialis (Howard 1990) (Mexico, Southeastern Mountains)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit: clumper

*foliage: to 5" wide, glaucescent

*flowers: fragrant in early summer...zigzag style; 2 scapes per bulb

*seed:

Hymenocallis jaliscensis (ME Jones 1933)(Mexico: Hidalgo, Jalisco)

*phylogeny: confused with H. nayaritiana, treated by Traub (1962) and Traub/Cickery (1956) as a synonym of H. coccinea, is a valid species (Bauml 1979) 

*habitat: Grows with H. howardii north of Tepic, Nayarit in margins/clearings in deciduous woodlands from 2000'-4000' elevation

*plant habit: deciduous, non-offsetting, very dwarf

*foliage: 3-5 leaves, glaucescent, subpetiolate, oblong, prostrate foliage 1.7-3.5 (5.2) broad x 2.7-4.5 (6cm) long.

*flowers: 1-2 scapes/bulb from mid-to-early July; Flowers 1-8, sessile with faint sweet scent; tepal tubes green lower half/white above; white funnelform cup

*seed: dark green velvety

*chromosomes: 2n=88

Hymenocallis kerseyi (Howard 1999)(Mexico, central Guerrero)

*phylogeny: 

*habitat: streamside

*plant habit: smaller, but similar to H. riparia

*foliage: erect narrow leaves

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis keyensis (Small)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. latifolia

Hymenocallis kimballiae (Small 1958) (FL, Appalachicola River)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. latifolia

has different chromosome #s from H. latifolia (Howard)

Hymenocallis lacera (Salisbury 1897)

synonym of H. rotata

Hymenocallis laciniata (Small 1933)

synonym of H. rotata

Hymenocallis latifolia (Roemer 1847)(FL Keys, Cuba, Grand/Little Caymans, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Thomas)

*phylogeny: H. caymanensis merged here (Sealy 1954); formerly Pancratium latifoilum (Miller)

*habitat: coastal dunes, sand ridges, swales, mangrove swamps

*plant habit: clumping, offsetting

*foliage: evergreen, 40" long x 2.5" wide

*flowers: 9-15 per scape June-September, fragrant, reflexed perianth rays, only southeastern species with orange pollen

*seed: 2n=48

Hymenocallis leavenworthii (Standley & Streyermark 1946/Bauml 1989)(Mexico: Michoacan Central/West)

*phylogeny: similar to acutifolia

*habitat: open pastures or pine/oak woodland banks from 4500' - 7900'

*plant habit: deciduous, prolifically offsetting bulbs

*foliage: 1-2 (4) dull glaucous, petiolate, narrowly oblong leaves; 3.8-5.7 cm long x 2.8 - 3.7 cm wide.

*flowers: 2- 6 sessile flowers/scape; fragrant, small cup from late July - Mid August, tepal tubes, lower 1/3 green, above white, cup pure white, funnelform

*seed: dark green, broadly oblong

Hymenocallis lehmilleri (T. Howard 2001)(Mexico, Guerrero)

*phylogeny: 

*habitat: swampy swales on coastal side of highway

*plant habit:deciduous

*foliage: 6-8 suberect glossy strap-like leaves; 38-41 cm long x 3-4 cm wide

*flowers: 4-7 greenish-white flowers on scape 30-38 cm tall, late June

*seed:

Hymenocallis liriosme (Raf. 1817)(Shinners 1951)(TX, LA, AL)

*phylogeny: synonymized as H. galvestonensis with H. duvalensis, franklinensis, gholsonii, liriosme (G. Smith etal. 2010); sister to H. coronaria (G. Smith etal 2010)

Described by Rafinesque as Pancratum liriosme

Baker included H. liriosme with galvestonensis in error (Howard 1994)

*habitat: ditches, marshes, wet soil

*plant habit: deciduous clump former without stolons

*foliage: shiny green, acute erect leaves

*flowers: 4-7 flowers with yellow eye like H. coronaria, first species to flower March/April with foliage (Howard); scape 2 edged

*seed: 2n=40/42

Hymenocallis littoralis (Jacq./Salisbury)(Mexico: Michoacan, Oaxaca)???

*phylogeny: syn: adnata

*habitat:riparian, but seasonally dry

*plant habit: 

*foliage: deciduous or evergreen; glaucous to glossy green

*flowers: fragrant long-tubed flowers, orange pollen, 1 to many flowered umbel; scapes 1-3 per bulb

*seed:

*This is the type specimen for the Genus (1812)

Hymenocallis longibracteata (Hochreutina)(Mexico: Vera Cruz)

*phylogeny: 

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis maximiliani (T. Howard 1982) (Mexico; Guerrero)

*phylogeny:

*habitat: grows in creek beds around Chilpancingo and coastal roadsides in open pastures on black clay soils of seasonally wet flood plains.

*plant habit: deciduous clumps offset rapidly, similar to H. acutifolia (Howard)

*foliage: leaves 6-8, bright green, narrowly acute

*flowers: scape two-edged 41-58cm; late May through June, flower smaller than H. acutifolia

*seed:

Hymenocallis mexicana (Herb. 1821 ex. Druce)(Mexico: Hidalgo, Michoacan, San Luis Potosi)

*phylogeny: (syn: dillenii, concinna, palusvirensis)

Hymenocallis miniatum (Herb.) (Peru)

*phylogeny: 

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers: red flowers

*seed:

Hymenocallis moldenkeana (Traub 1962) (GA)

*phylogeny: synonymized with H. galvestonensis including H. caroliniana, eulae, galvestonensis (G. Smith etal. 2010)

Eastern version of H. galvestonensis (T. Howard)

 

Hymenocallis nayaritiana (T. Howard 1978)(Mexico, Nayarit)

*phylogeny: sometimes lumped within jaliscensis

*habitat: hillsides where it grows with H. horsmanni (T. Howard)

*plant habit: deciduous, small plant

*foliage: broad petiolate/subpetiolate foliage (Howard)

*flowers: early May (T. Howard), 1 month before H. horsmanni; few flowers

*seed:

Hymenocallis occidentalis var. eulae (Shinners/Ger.L.Sm. & Flory)

Smith etal. views this as the proper name for H. eulae

In our side by side comparison, H. eulae (Center Tx), H. occidentalis (Walker Co. AL), and H. occidentalis St. Marks, FL opened the same day, both without foliage

*Floral tube of H. eulae had small hairs on back of tube that were not present on H. occidentalis (Alabama), but were present on H. occidentalis (FL)

*Floral tube of H. eulae was 4.75" compared to 3.5" for H. occidentalis (Al), and 4.125" for H. occidentalis (FL)

*Ovary on H. eulae was longer (.5" long x 5/16" wid) and narrower than H. occidentalis (3/8" x 3/8"), and 3/8" x 3/8" on H. occidentalis (FL)

*tepal length was 3.75" on all three specimens

*floral pedicel identical on all three specimens

*cup in H. eulae (TX) was nearly flat, H. occidentalis FL was also flat, while H. occidentalis (AL) was very funnel shaped

*stigma was held outside the orbit of the stamens on H. eulae, and inside the stamens on H. occidentalis (AL), and just on the inside of the stamens on H. occidentalis (FL)

*fragrance from all three was identical

*all three had small green eye in the middle of floral cup

*cup length 1.25" on all three specimens 

Hymenocallis occidentalis var. occidentalis (Le Conte 1850)(AL, AR, GA, FL, IL, IN, KY, LA, MS, MO, NC, SC, TN)

*phylogeny: originally published as Pancratium occidentale; synomyized with H. bidentata, moldenkeana (G. Smith etal. 2010) 

*habitat: most widely distributed of all US native hymenocallis in floodplains, meadows, and dry wooded hillsides

*plant habit: deciduous, tight clump

*foliage: 5-12 slightly glaucous, dull foliage, emerging in late winter

*flowers: 3-9 fragrant flowers with no foliage in late July/early August

*seed: ovules 2-3 2n=52/54

Hymenocallis ovata (Mill/Sweet)(Mexico: Oaxaca)???(Cuba)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers: short-tubed flowers

*seed:

Hymenocallis ovata var. ornata (Mill/Sweet)(West Indies)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis palmeri (S. Watson 1879)(Florida, Dade Co., disjunct in NE FL)

*phylogeny: synonymized into H. humilis along with H. godfreyi (Smith etal. 2010); sister to H. henryae (G. Smith etal. 2010)

*habitat: ditches, marshes, wet prairies

*plant habit: deciduous, clumping, miniature

*foliage: blue green, coriaceous, erect, linear 20" long x .3" wide

*flowers: 1-2 flowers/scape; flower scape bracts that do not cover flowers, green tepals; late May-August

 *seed: 8-9 ovules; 2n=42/46/48

Hymenocallis paludosa (Salisbury 1812)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. rotata

Hymenocallis palusvirensis (Traub 1962)(NC)

*phylogeny: synonymized with H. crassifolia (G. Smith etal. 2010)

related to H. caroliniana (T. Howard)

*flowers: 4-5 flowers; 2n=40 

Hymenocallis partita (Ravenna 1985)(Mexico, Chiapas)

*phylogeny: actually a rain-damaged specimen of H. acutifolia (T. Howard)

*habitat:

*plant habit: clumping, offsetting

*foliage:

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis pedalis (Herb. 1821)(Mexico: Vera Cruz, Central America)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage: evergreen, strap-like, acute tips

*flowers: 6-15 funnel-like, long-tubed flowers all summer

*seed:

Hymenocallis phalangidis (Bauml 1989)(Mexico; Nayarit, Central)

*phylogeny: related to H. azteciana, but with longer tepals

*habitat: shade

*plant habit: deciduous

*foliage: 4 glaucous, sessile, linear leaves

*flowers: 1-2 (6), outfacing, very fragrant from late June-late July; S-shaped tepal tubes, flower held @ 45 degrees; recurved, pendulous tepals; white funnelform cup

*seed: dark green, shiny

Hymenocallis pimana (Laferriere 1990) (Mexico; Chihuahua)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit: deciduous

*foliage: erect, narrow, spiraled, glossy green leaves

*flowers: large flowers with yellow center, remniscent of H. liriosme in early summer

*seed:

Hymenocallis portamontensis (Ravenna)

*phylogeny: synonym of H. tenuifolia (T. Howard)

Hymenocalis praticola (Britton/Wilson) (Cuba)

*phylogeny: synonymized with H. crassifolia (G. Smith etal. 2010)

Hymenocallis pringlei (1904)

*phylogeny: synonymized with H. concinna

Hymenocallis proterantha (Bauml/Howard 1979)(Mexico: Colima, Jalisco Southeast, Nayarit south)

*phylogeny:

*habitat: open low ground and on steep road cuts with grasses/forbs from 600-2700' elevation

*plant habit: deciduous, offsetting bulbs

*foliage: 2-5 (7) petiolate/subpetiolate, glaucous, narrowly oblong leaves

*flowers: 3-10 (12) white flowers with light sweet scent from early July-mid August as leaves go dormant; 2-3' tall, glaucous scape; floral bracts light green to greenish white; funnelform white cup

*seed: dark green, shiny

*chromosomes: 2n=76, 80

Hymenocallis pumila (Bauml/Howard 1979)(Mexico: Colima East, Jalisco)

*phylogeny:

*habitat: well-drained

*plant habit: deciduous, miniature

*foliage: 5-8 bright green sword-like, sessile leaves, prostrate foliage

*flowers: 1-3 (max. 6) large, sweetly scented sessile flowers with a small cup on a short scape from early June - mid July; tepals pale green dorsally; strongly recurved tepals; occasionally rotate cup; circle of green/yellow at interior base; funnelform/rotate white cup

*seed:

Hymenocallis puntagordensis (Traub 1962) (Florida, Charlotte Co.)

*phylogeny: possibly evolved from tropical species

*habitat: seasonally flooded prairies

*plant habit: clumping

*foliage: 5-8 shiny green, coriaceous, suberect, strap shaped 

*flowers: fragrant; late August/September

*seed: 2n=46

Hymenocallis pygmaea (Traub 1962)(NC, SC, Waccamaw River drainage)

*phylogeny: clade with H. choctawensis, franklinensis, gholsonii, crassifolia, duvalensis (G. Smith etal. 2010); similar to H. crassifolia (A. Davis)

*habitat: wet

*plant habit: deciduous, rhizomatous

*foliage: shiny green, strap shaped, coracious leaves, upright, 16" long x .5" wide

*flowers: single-flowered

*seed:

Hymenocallis repanda (Otto & Diet)(Mexico: Sinaloa)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis riparia (Greenman 1905)(Mexico: Michoacan, Morelos, Guerrero, Sinoloa)

*phylogeny:

*habitat: Marshes and swamps, low wet meadows, fast moving streams

*plant habit: similar to H. acutifolia

*foliage:

*flowers: mid-July, months earlier than H. acutifolia

*seed:

Hymenocallis riposa (Greenman)(Mexico: Morelos)

*phylogeny: 

*habiitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis rotata (Ker-Gawl. 1821)(FL,GA,SC)

*phylogeny: forms clade with H. godfreyi, tridentata (G. Smith etal. 2010); synonymized with H. floridana (Smith etal 2010

*habitat: always grows in calcareous streams (per A. Davis).

 *plant habit: deciduous, very stoloniferous

*foliage: deep green, coriaceous, arching to sub erect, strongly-channeled, 30" long x 2" wide

*flowers: 2-4 per scape, only southeastern US species with broad staminal cups and perianth rays >9mm wide

*seed: 6-8 ovules; 2n=38/46/48

*cultivars: Wetsplit (V. Lambou)

Hymenocallis schizostephana (Worsley 1899)

*phylogeny: not a valid species (T. Howard)

 Hymenocallis sinaloaensis (Traub 1967)(Mexico: Sinoloa)

*phylogeny: syn of H. sonorensis (IBS 2007)

Hymenocallis sonorensis (Standley 1937)(Mexico: Sinaloa, Sonora to N. Nayarit)

*phylogeny: H. sinaloaensis is a synonym (Traub 1954)(Bauml 1979)

*habitat: meadows and low open places below 500' elevation, with H. howardii in the southern part of range

*plant habit: deciduous clumper, rarely offsetting

*foliage: 5-8 (10) glaucous, sessile, erect, narrow daffodil-like leaves

*flowers: small umbels of white flowers early March to late June, yellow floral base, 3-8 per scape, fragrant; tepals pale green ventrally; circle of green/yellow at interior base; filaments entirely green

*seed:

chromosomes: 2n=48

Hymenocallis speciosa (Salisbury)(Jamaica, Tobago, St. Vincent)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage: evergreen

*flowers: sub-sessile, stalked flowers

*seed:

Hymenocallis stenophylla (Urban/Fedde 1925)(Cuba)

*phylogeny: synonym of praticola

different, but similar to H. praticola (T. Howard)

*habitat: marshy savannas 

*plant habit:

*foliage:

*flowers: 5-6 flowers/scape in August

*seed:

Hymenocallis tenuiflora (Herb.)(Guatemala)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit:

*foliage: wide, decumbent leaves

*flowers: slender, fragrant w/green segments in early summer

*seed:

Hymenocallis traubii (Moldenke 1967)(Florida, Daytona Beach)  

*phylogeny: lumped H. tridentata here (G. Smith et al 2010); thought by some to be a dwarf form of H. rotata.

*habitat: near water

*plant habit: deciduous, stoloniferous, small plant

*foliage:

*flowers: 2-3 flowers

*seed: 4-5 ovules

Hymenocallis tridentata (Small 1933)(Florida, North and E Central)

*phylogeny: forms clade with H. godfreyi, H. rotata (G. Smith etal. 2010); synonymized into H. traubii (G. Smith etal. 2010)

Synonym of H. floridana (T. Howard)

*habitat: ditches, marshes, wet prairies

*plant habit: deciduous, rhizomatous

*foliage: less than 20" long

*flowers: 

*seed:

Hymenocallis tubiflora (Salisbury)(S. America, Guyana)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit: similar to H. rotata but leaves are narrowly strapped

*foliage: evergreen, 

*flowers:

*seed:

Hymenocallis venezuelensis (Traub 1963)(Venezuela, Guarico state)

*phylogeny:

*habitat:

*plant habit: 

*foliage: evergreen, linear

*flowers: 5 flowers/scape in May

*seed:

 

Hymenocallis woelfleana (T. Howard 1978)(Mexico, Sinaloa)

*phylogeny: related to H. cordifolia (Howard)

*habitat: Western slope of Sierra Madre in Eastern Sinaloa, intermediate altitude in part shade under oaks/hardwoods along intemittent streams in gravelly/humus soils

*plant habit: deciduous, rarely-offsetting clump of orange bulbs

*foliage: 3-6 petiolate/sub-petiolate bright green, very thin, broad leaves; folded leaf margin

*flowers: scape 33 -58cm; 3-10 flowers/scape; yellow pollen; pedicle below ovary, musky-scented flowers sub-sessile; tepal tubes green; flowers late June-early July

*seed:

 The following species of Hymenocallis have since been moved to other genera:

Hymenocallis narcissiflora

Hymenocallis cultivars

*'Tropical Giant' - unknown species or possible hybrid

 *'Tropical Giant Sister'

*'Wet Beauty' - a Vic Lambou hybrid

*'Weter' - a Vic Lambou hybrid 

*'Wetermay' - a Vic Lambou hybrid

*'Weteroff' - a Vic Lambou hybrid (H. 'Weter' x self)

*Wetertwo' - a Vic Lambou hybrid

*Wet Giant' - a Vic Lambou hybrid

Hymenocallis hybrids

*Hispaniola - H. traubii x H. imperialis

*Invicta - H. traubii x imperialis

*New Lion - a H. caribaea hybrid found in a Mexican cemetary by Thad Howard

*Pirate Queen - H. traubii x H. liriosme

*'Wetpagaling' (palmeri x galvestonensis) 

*Wettrop' - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. 'Tropical Giant' x self

 x acunensis - a Vic Lambou cross of H. acutifolia x galvestonensis

x acutosme 'Wetal' - a Vic Lambou cross of H. acutifolia x liriosme

x choctalensis - a Vic Lambou cross of H. choctawensis Sopchoppy (Wakulla Co. Fl.) x H. duvalensis Upper Ochlockonee River]

x choctosme - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. liriosme x choctawensis Sopchoppy (Wakulla Co. Fl.)

x eucharia 'Moon over Riverbanks' - an Andy Cabe hybrid of H. coronaria x eucharidifolia

x franktawensis - A Vic Lambou hybrid of H. choctawensis Sopchoppy (Wakulla Co. Fl.) x H. franklinensis Cow Creek

x harriparia - a Vic Lambou cross of H. riparia x harrisiana

x impregnata - a Vic Lambou cross of H. rotata x (maximilliani x imperialis)

x littorentalis 'Summer Angel' - a Vic Lambou cross of H. littoralis x occidentalis = galvestonensis)

x maxialis 'Wetmax' - a Vic Lambou hybrid (2001) of H. maximiliani x imperialis

x maximata - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. rotata x maximiliani

x palmaria - A Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x riparia

x palmata 'Wetmymy' - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x rotata St. Marks

x palmata 'Wetwow' - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x rotata 'Wetsplit

x palmeralis 'Wetpagal' - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x occidentalis

x palmeralis 'Wetpagaler' - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x occidentalis

x palmeralis 'Wetpagalon' - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x occidentalis

x palmifolia - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x acutifolia

x palmiliani - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. palmeri x maximiliani

x rotosme - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. rotata 'Wetleaf x liriosme

x trauparia - a Vic Lambou hybrid of H. traubii x riparia

 

Hymenocallis bigeneric hybrids

xIsmenocallis:

Hymenocallis harrisiana (hort) x Ismene narcissiflora (Woelfle)

 

 

Books and Important Taxonomic Papers on Hymenocallis are listed below:

Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) in Texas, with a New Varietal Combination
Author(s): Gerald L. Smith and Walter S. Flory:  Novon, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer, 2001), pp. 229-232

The Phylogeny of the Southeastern United States Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) Based on
ISSR Fingerprinting and Morphological Data: Authors: Catherine M. Bush, Dollie Rollins, and Gerald L. Smith: CASTANEA 75(3): 368–380. SEPTEMBER 2010 

Nomenclature of Hymenocallis Taxa (Amaryllidaceae) in Southeastern United States
Author(s): Gerald L. Smith and Mark A. Garland; Source: Taxon, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Nov., 2003), pp. 805-817

A Study of the Genus Hymenocallis (Amaryllidaceae) in Mexico; Master of Science Thesis; Author: James Anthony Bauml; August 1979

Key to the Subgenera, Alliances and Species of Hymenocallis ; Author: Hamilton Traub, The Amaryllis Year Book 1962

Chromosome Numbers for Several Species of Hymenocallis; Author: Walter S. Flory; Plant Life 1975

Cytology of Hymenocallis; Authors: Raina and Khoshoo, 1971

Known Distribution of Hymenocallis (Saulisbury) in North and Middle America and the West Indies; Author: Walter S. Flory; The Amaryllis Year Book 1978

Hymenocallis and other Spider Lilies; Author: Alberto Grossi; The Plantsman, December 2007

Hymenocallis of Mexico; Author: Worsley, 1902 

Bulbs for Warm Climates; Author: Thad Howard; June 2001

Garden Bulbs for the South; Scott Ogden; May 2013

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